PCB Populating,electronics circuit board populating,components
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PCB manufacturing process:
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Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are used in electronics to support
and connect electrical components. Connections are made using
conductive pathways, also called traces, etched from copper
sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. The PCB
manufacturing process requires much effort, which is why most
companies choose to outsource it instead.
About PCBs
PCBs were invented in 1936 by Austrian engineer Paul Eisler.
Eisler first used PCBs in his radio sets. Later on, PCBs evolved
and were used to make rugged radio transmitters used by the
US in World War II. After the war, PCBs were re-manufactured
for commercial use.
Design
Generally, PCBs are composed of 24 conductive layers separated
and supported by layers of insulating material (substrates)
laminated together with heat, pressure and sometimes vacuum.
The most typical substrate used in single-sided PCBs is the
FR-2 (synthetic resin bonded paper). The FR-2 type is cheap
and easy to drill, but is prone to cracking and is not good
for making plated through hole boards. Meanwhile, double sided
and multilayer boards use the FR-4 type, made from fiberglass-type
of material.
1. Silk screen printing – uses etch-resistant inks to protect
the copper foil. Subsequent etching removes the unwanted copper.
2. Photoengraving – uses a photo mask and chemical etching
to remove the copper foil from the substrate.
3. PCB milling – uses a two- or three-axis mechanical milling
system to mill away the copper foil from the substrate.
Lamination and drilling
Multi-layer PCBs are formed by bonding together separately
etched thin boards. After this, holes (vias) are normally
drilled through the PCB using drill bits made from solid tungsten
carbide. The holes are then plated to form plated-through
holes that electrically connect the conducting layers of the
PCB.
Exposed conductor plating, coating, and soldering
Exposed pads and lands to which components will be mounted
are typically plated, because bare copper oxidizes quickly
and can be difficult to solder. The solder is usually a tin-lead
alloy, but new solder compounds are now used to comply with
the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directive,
which restricts the use of lead.
Screen printing
Text and picture labels may be printed on the surface of
the PCB using screen printing. Screen print is also known
as the silk screen, or, in one sided PCBs, the red print.
Creating a PCB
All components are in the upper left corner
Set up line styles this way: Style name Line width [mil] Via
hole [mil] Via size [mil] Clearance [mil]
Signal 20 24 56 14
Power 40 35 65 14
Fat 80 50 80 14
Skinny 12 24 48 14
DRC constants
It is necessary to set (overwrite) several values in /usr/local/share/pcb/Pcb
or /usr/share/pcb/Pcb config file to get the DRC parameters
right for the chosen process:
For PCB versions pcb-20040215 and earlier:
Pcb.Bloat: 1378
Pcb.minWid: 1182
Pcb.Shrink: 400
For PCB versions pcb-20040530 and later:
Pcb.Bloat: 1378
Pcb.minWid: 1182
Pcb.Shrink: 400
Pcb.minSlk: 787
If you are running GTK PCB, then enable milimeter grid units
in Screen -> Enable milimeter grid units and then go into
File -> Preferences -> Sizes -> Design Rule checking
and enter Minimum copper spacing 0.35
Create ground planes and lock them
Pins (not pads!) that are on ground:
Green them using "f"
Select -> Select all connected objects
SetFlag(SelectedPins, thermal)
Manually add thermal to locked pins (green)
Send SMD components which have a green end to the solder side.
Disable the ground and power in the netlist
Green the ground and place components so that ratnests become
as short as possible (working in the solder view) according
to schematic. Prevent high concentration of ratnests in one
spot - in such case, move affected components a little apart,
to accomodate for future numerous traces, so that critical
traces are as short as possible. You can flip SMD parts between
the sides of the board to make the ratnest shorter.
Enable the power in the netlist
Place bypass capacitors to chips according to the schematic.
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PCB Populating Challenge
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eWorld - Courts/Legal Issues
Columns - Case Sensitive
All about nuts and bolts...
D. Murali
Printed circuit boards, and `populating' them, form the crux
of the issue in this interesting case.
THE recent issue of Excise Law Times reports the case of
Jolly Electrical Industries that came up before the Customs,
Excise and Service Tax Appellate Tribunal (CESTAT), Mumbai.
Jolly had imported parts of photocopiers, microfilm reader
printers, microfilm cameras and paper shredders.
But the Customs Department confiscated all these saying that
the import was of `complete machines in SKD condition', not
`parts' as the company had claimed in the import documents.
Jolly submitted that it manufactured electronic products
in Vadodara; that it used the imported parts for manufacture
of finished goods after adding components sourced from domestic
sources; and that it paid Excise Duty when the assembled machines
were cleared.
For the Department, however, there was a guidance from a
conference of the Collectors of Customs: "When all the
packages are imported in the very same consignments and the
assembling of the machine involves only sample operations
like fixing devices (screws, nuts, bolts, and so on) or by
riveting or welding, the goods so imported should be classifiable
as a complete machine."
Jolly protested by pointing out that PCBs (or, printed circuit
boards) were `incomplete' and that these were critical components.
The Commissioner said that the PCBs were `populated'. The
company said that the PCBs were `indeed populated' but added
that it had to "further populate the PCBs before these
could be fixed together with other parts, to make a functional
machine."
Therefore, the Department was of the view that the imported
PCBs were already populated and that whatever Jolly did in
its factory was of `minor' nature.
For its part, Jolly claimed that it had the necessary machinery
for populating the PCBs, and that the value of domestic components
came to 30 to 35 per cent of the assembled machines, as verified
by the Central Excise officials.
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a single source of ZigBee modules, development tools, networking
software, technical support, and design services.
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overview
Practical Electronics/PCB Layout
The efficient laying out of traces on is a complex skill,
and requires much patience. This task has been made vastly
easier with the advent of readily available PCB layout software,
but it is still challenging. Contents [hide] 1 Copper Thickness
2 Trace Width 3 footprints 4 Reference Handbook 5 Further
reading [edit] Copper Thickness
preview: http://en.wikibooks.org
overview
Printed Circuit Board @ Wikipedia
In electronics, printed circuit boards, or PCBs, are used
to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic
components using conductive pathways, or traces, etched from
copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. Alternative
names are printed wiring board (PWB), etched wiring board,
and switchboard. After populating the board with electronic
components, a printed circuit assembly (PCA) is formed. PCBs
are rugged,...
preview: http://en.wikipedia.org
overview
The Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Layout
The connections on the PCB should be identical to the circuit
diagram, but while the circuit diagram is arranged to be readable,
the PCB layout is arranged to be functional, so there is rarely
any visible correlation between the circuit and the layout.
preview: http://www.airborn.com.au
book
Complete PCB Design Using OrCad Capture and Layout
Most of the books for Orcad Layout and Capture software are
many years out of date. This version covers version 10.5 (2006)
and is essentially current for the newest version (15.7 for
2007) It is an excellent book to introduce new users to Orcad
Capture and the Orcad Layout SW packages. It does NOT cover
Orcad PCB Editor which is completely different from Orcad
Layout. (Layout has a very similar user interface to Capture
while PCB Editor...
preview: http://www.amazon.com date: 4/27/2007
book
Optimal Production Planning for PCB Assembly
Optimal Production Planning for PCB Assembly is the first
book to focus on the optimization of the PCB assembly lines
efficiency. This is done by: integrating the component sequencing
and the feeder arrangement problems together for both the
pick-and-place machine and the chip shooter machine; constructing
mathematical models and developing an efficient and effective
heuristic solution approach for the integrated problems for
both...
preview: http://www.amazon.com date: 10/3/2006
book
Printed Circuit Boards
The printed circuit is the basic building block of the electronics
hardware industry. This is a comprehensive single volume self-teaching
guide to the art of printed circuit board design and fabrication
-- covering the complete cycle of PCB creation, design, layout,
fabrication, assembly, and testing. From the Back Cover THE
MOST COMPREHENSIVE TUTORIAL ON THE COMPLETE CYCLE OF PCB CREATION
Clear and [word missing], Printed Circuit... ictionary: circuit
board
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pcb
pcba pcba
www.intopsan.com
n. Computer Science.
An insulated board on which interconnected circuits and components
such as microchips are mounted or etched.
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Sponsored LinksFull range of PCBs
PCB manufacturer in Taiwan High quality and Low cost
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How Products are Made: How is a printed circuit board made?
Background
A printed circuit board, or PCB, is a self-contained module
of interconnected electronic components found in devices ranging
from common beepers, or pagers, and radios to sophisticated
radar and computer systems. The circuits are formed by a thin
layer of conducting material deposited, or "printed,"
on the surface of an insulating board known as the substrate.
Individual electronic components are placed on the surface
of the substrate and soldered to the interconnecting circuits.
Contact fingers along one or more edges of the substrate act
as connectors to other PCBs or to external electrical devices
such as on-off switches. A printed circuit board may have
circuits that perform a single function, such as a signal
amplifier, or multiple functions.
There are three major types of printed circuit board construction:
single-sided, double-sided, and multi-layered. Single-sided
boards have the components on one side of the substrate. When
the number of components becomes too much for a single-sided
board, a double-sided board may be used. Electrical connections
between the circuits on each side are made by drilling holes
through the substrate in appropriate locations and plating
the inside of the holes with a conducting material. The third
type, a multi-layered board, has a substrate made up of layers
of printed circuits separated by layers of insulation. The
components on the surface connect through plated holes drilled
down to the appropriate circuit layer. This greatly simplifies
the circuit pattern.
Components on a printed circuit board are electrically connected
to the circuits by two different methods: the older "through
hole technology" and the newer "surface mount technology."
With through hole technology, each component has thin wires,
or leads, which are pushed through small holes in the substrate
and soldered to connection pads in the circuits on the opposite
side. Gravity and friction between the leads and the sides
of the holes keeps the components in place until they are
soldered. With surface mount technology, stubby J-shaped or
L-shaped legs on each component contact the printed circuits
directly. A solder paste consisting of glue, flux, and solder
are applied at the point of contact to hold the components
in place until the solder is melted, or "reflowed,"
in an oven to make the final connection. Although surface
mount technology requires greater care in the placement of
the components, it eliminates the time-consuming drilling
process and the space-consuming connection pads inherent with
through hole technology. Both technologies are used today.
Two other types of circuit assemblies are related to the
printed circuit board. An integrated circuit, sometimes called
an IC or microchip, performs similar functions to a printed
circuit board except the IC contains many more circuits and
components that are electrochemically "grown" in
place on the surface of a very small chip of silicon. A hybrid
circuit, as the name implies, looks like a printed circuit
board, but contains some components that are grown onto the
surface of the substrate rather than being placed on the surface
and soldered.Contact
Electronic scrap recycling
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Scrap PCB disposal & recycling services
We buy all kinds of PCB, populated or non populated.
Your company's old / discarded PCB's contains heavy metals
and hazardous materials and can not be disposed in a landfill,
recycling of PCB is a very good way to help save our planet.
We are always ready to purchase all kinds of E scrap, PCB
and plain PCB, we pick up everywhere, so if you have any,
we will be glad to know about it and also have the chance
to buy it from you, please contact us or just fill out this
quick form and we will contact you shortly.
Name*:
Company Name:
Email*:
Contact phone*:
Estimated weight of PCB for disposal? I do not know the weight
Up to 100 lbs 100 to 200 lbs 200 to 300 lbs 300-500 lbs 500-1000
lbs 1000 to 1500 lbs 1500-3000 lbs more than 3000 lbs
Is it populated? Yes No Mixed
Location of the the PCB (zip)
Comment:
In electronics, printed circuit boards, or PCBs, are used
to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic
components using conductive pathways, or traces, etched from
copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. Alternative
names are printed wiring board (PWB),and etched wiring board.
Populating the board with electronic components forms a printed
circuit assembly (PCA), also known as a printed circuit board
assembly (PCBA).
PCBs are rugged, inexpensive, and can be highly reliable.
They require much more layout effort and higher initial cost
than either wire-wrapped or point-to-point constructed circuits,
but are much cheaper, faster, and consistent in high volume
production. Much of the electronics industry's PCB design,
assembly, and quality control needs are set by standards that
are published by the IPC organization.completion of the PCB,
electronic components are attached to form the assembly. These
components are attached by inserting them through holes, mounting
them on the surface, and soldering. Afterwards, they are subject
to tests again. If the tests fail, the components are going
to be replaced.
Protection and packaging
To protect the printed circuit board against harsh environmental
conditions, they should have a conformal coat that is applied
by spraying or dipping them after attaching the components.
The coat aids in preventing leakage currents, corrosion, and
shortening. The coat is made of wax or a diluted solution
of polyurethane, epoxy, acrylic, or silicone rubber.
Finally, when transporting PCBs, they should be in antistatic
bags and the person handling them should be earthed to avoid
static electricity from damaging them. Circuit board manufacturing
companies like Almatron practice these safety measures to
ensure high quality printed circuit boards.
Posted by Shiv Prasad at 2:16 PM
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Abstract:According to at least one embodiment, a method comprises
generating a data file having design parameters for an electrical
design, and with a computer-executable program, accessing
the data file and populating a computer-aided design (CAD)
program's database with the design parameters. Quotables "The
radio craze will die out in time."
Thomas Edison ; 1922
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Policy)
Be the first to comment on this pageUS Patent 7069095 - System
and method for populating a computer-aided design program's
database with design parameters
US Patent Issued on June 27, 2006
Abstract Claims Description Full Text
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method comprising: generating a data file having design
parameters for an electrical design, wherein the data file
includes the design parameters in a CAD-independent
format; modifying said design parameters in said data file;
and with a computer-executable program, accessing the modified
data file and populating a computer-aided design (CAD) program's
database with the modified design parameters.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the design parameters include
parameters for a plurality of layers of the electrical design.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said generating comprises:
receiving user input specifying the design parameters.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein said receiving user input
comprises: receiving said user input via an interface of the
CAD program.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein said generating further
comprises: retrieving the design parameters input via the
interface of the CAD program; and populating the data file
with the design parameters.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the electrical design comprises
a design selected from the group consisting of: an integrated
circuit design, a printed circuit board design, a microelectromechanical
system (MEMS) design, and a
nanoelectromechanical system (NEMS) design.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein said generating comprises:
retrieving the design parameters from the CAD program's database;
and populating the data file with the design parameters.
8. A method comprising: generating a data file having design
parameters for an electrical design, wherein the data file
is a text file; and with a computer-executable program, accessing
the data file and populating a computer-aided design
(CAD) program's database with the design parameters.
9. A system comprising: a database; a parameter entry program
stored to computer-readable media and operable to access a
data file and populate the database with design parameters
included in the data file for an electrical design, wherein
the
data file is in a CAD-independent format and is editable by
an interface; and a computer-aided design (CAD) program stored
to computer-readable media, wherein the CAD program is operable
to communicatively access the database and retrieve the design
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Jorrie
Guru
Join Date: May 2006
Location: 25.9S, 28.1E
Posts: 2183
Good Answers: 3 PCB Populating Challenge
03/15/2007 2:37 PM
I've got three identical prototype PCBs to be populated. Jim
can populate one of these PCBs in three hours. Pam beats him
by far and can populate one of these in two hours. Now, if
I give the job to Pam and Jim as a team, what is the minimum
time I'll have to wait for my three PCBs to be populated?
Jorrie
__________________
Let's see between them they can do 5 boards in 6 hours, right?
So that means they can do 3 boards in 3/5*6 = 216 minutes.
Jorrie
Guru
Join Date: May 2006
Location: 25.9S, 28.1E
Posts: 2183
Good Answers: 3 #2
Re: PCB Populating Challenge
03/15/2007 11:49 PM
Oops, I forgot to also ask: since only one person at a time
can work on any PCB, what will be their optimal work share
plan?
Jorrie
__________________
"Curiosity has its own reason for existence" --
Albert Einstein
rcapper
Guru
In reply to #2
Re: PCB Populating Challenge
03/16/2007 8:55 AM
6 hours. Have Pam populate all the boards (3 boards x 2 hours)
and task Jim with caring for Pam (gathering and providing
water, food, etc) while she works.
Jim's labour is not compensated, so your production costs
are materials, labour (Pam's only) and operational overhead.
That has been the model used in most capitalist countries
the world over for the last 100 years. |
Express:
PCB Fabrication // Assembly //
Design
Design
Capability:
