PCB prototyping, when approached in an orderly fashion, is a relatively straightforward process to master. Assuming that the appropriate discipline is exercised, printed circuits can be fabricated with little or no environmental impact.
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Note: The text is auto translated from the Greek version

source: Elektor

In this article we will discuss that take shape essential copper circuits via that are realized the electric connections between the elements. We will be reported extensively in the stages that it should follow the amateur but also professional electronic, in order that beginning from the theoretical diagram that has drawn in a paper it leads to what is known as printed circuit. You will still learn how it is manufactured anyone of pcb abbey or double aspect with simple and easy way. And all these following the directives that you we give below.

In order to is materialised a any printed circuit it will be supposed we begin from the designing of lines of interconnection of elements, we advance in their transport in films and we finish with the etching and the piercing of pcb. Firstly we will speak concisely for the stages of manufacture plake'tas. Then we will analyze the each one from them more extensive using photographs and drawings.

The artwork

The designing of printed circuit can become with one from the following ways:

With special thin felt-tip on rise paper or simple white paper.

With specifically designing tools (stencils) that contain islands and lines on rise paper from white paper.

With specifically design auto transferable stickers (letraset, magictype etc) in rise paper, white paper, and in special transparent gelatin.

With the help of designing programs that runs in computer, the known programs CAD, which offer facilities and crowd of possibilities.

This programs apart from the possibility simple (off-hand) transport in printer of spikes, have the possibility of printing out perfect in printers inject and laser. Certain of them have the possibility of transformation printed in form PostScript. With use of form PostScript exists the possibility of sending your drawing in special machines of photosynthesis that it is possible him they print in very high analysis in special film. In this way the final result does not have envy in nothing from a professional work. The method that has prevailed today because it has simplified all the stages is the last one. In case where the drawing of printed circuit is already ready (f.e has been published in certain periodical) then obviously we omit the stage of designing and simply we prepare the drawing for the final transport in pcb. Thus we can photocopy the drawing in rise paper or him repeat in films in some shop that has the possibility of production of special photocopies. Himself it will be supposed we make also in the other cases where the drawing has been made in paper.

The TRANSPORT of DRAWING

The transport of drawing of printed circuit above in pcb can become with a lot of ways mainest than which they are:

With direct designing of lines with special felt-tip indelible ink above in the copper surface pcb. This way is judged ideal for simple and small dimensions pcb or off-hand essays that should be printed out immediately.

With specifically auto transferable self-adhesive elements as films and islands that are stuck above in the copper surface.

With special self-adhesive artworks printed that is offered by certain magazines.

With the method that forecasts use of photosensitive special spray covering pcb (as the known Positive of 20 German company Kodakt Chemie or the Photosensitive of English company Electrolube) and film.

With special ready photosensitive pcb as f.e of German company Bungard. The pcb these even if they are more expensive than simple pcb have the advantage the perfect and uniform covering pcb with photosensitive material, thing that guarantees the perfect transport of drawing.

The two last methods in combination with the designing in computer give pcb high technical specifications.

EXPOSURE OF PCB IN THE UV LIGHT

The report pcb in UV light becomes in order to are burned that points that constitute the final drawing of printed circuit and will be supposed they are impressed in pcb. It is a process similar with that of appearance of photographic film. The report PCB in the UV light becomes in the interior of specifically shaped box where a special lamp of steams of mercury

that will constitute the final electronic diagram of connections. This solution becomes denser if is added extra caustic soda. Naturally this him you will make provided that the thickness of photosensitive surface is bigger than usual. Attention: this work is imposed it becomes with plastic gloves and big attention. The caustic soda is dangerous when it comes in contact with the skin.

The ETCHING

The hour of etching is holiest for the amateur that makes this first pcb, after moment it sees his labours be rewarded. Sure it is not little you see pcb be created front in your eyes. The etching can become with four ways:

With solution of arid chloride iron in proportion 1:2 in water

With solution of chloride iron in proportion 1:1 in water

With solution of hythio salt of ammonia in proportion 4:10 in water in temperature 40 I C

With solution hydrochloric acid (2 parts) peroxide of hydrogen (perintrol 1 part) and water (4 parts)

Attention: the solution emit dangerous steams for the eyes but also for the breathing. For this reason the etching it is essential to become in open space (courtyard etc.) and never in underground or in space without good ventilation. Sure even if slow method is second. It presents the disadvantage however that where it falls this solution soils and does not leave with nothing or rather up to recently did not clean with nothing because henceforth exists in the market her dust company Bungard that will save your beloved shirt from his transformation in duster. Independent from this it is good you wear the old clothes and you avoid is poured the solution in the floor or in your skin. All the above materials you can him find in any shop of chemical products. Certain perhaps him you find also in shops electronic.

THE DRILLING

It specifically becomes with drills that accept small drills 0, 5 - 3 mms. In the practice are used drills 0,8 mms for the IC completed and drivers of elements, drills 1 mm for pins big elements, 1,2 -1,3 for pins, 1,5 for relay, switches etc and 3 mms for holes of support pcb. For better results, you can use special base of support in order to centered better the apertures. Also you can use special power supply that has the possibility of regulation turn drill but also his her force. PCB Fabrication
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Clarydon Electronic Services have an excellent track record in PCB Fabrication. We are well known for the quality of our products and the reliability of our delivery times and have gained ISO9002 and UL approvals.

If you have urgent requirements our facilities allow us to respond and deliver quickly. We have the capability to produce complex or special boards and the capacity to surpass your expectations and be competitive with our charges. We excel at producing prototype printed circuit boards and the PCB Fabrication of them in Small and Medium volumes and large quantity pre production and production quantities. Lead times are flexible to your needs and compatible with forward ordering systems, JIT and MRP. We also offer Subcontract Printed Circuit Board Assembly. PCB Router Cutting Distances highly accurate. We have a indepth knowledge of Printed Circuit Board Material Properties.

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Board types Multilayer up to 24 Layers
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Minimum Trace width 4 thou
Minimum Track Width to feature spacing 4 thou
Smallest drilled hole 0.3mm
Material Thickness 0.35mm-6.4mm
Copper Thickness Up to 6 oz Cu
Max board size 560 mm x 420mm
Standard Surface finish Hot Air Solder Level
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Hunter Technology's extensive PCB engineering experience can help compress the development cycle of your product, enhance performance, and reduce cost. We build at three facilities focused on: High Technology, Low to Mid Technology, and Military.

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Printed circuit board (PCB) fabrication services design and fabricate circuit boards. They differ from electronic manufacturing services, which populate and assemble boards. Although capabilities vary from supplier to supplier, printed circuit board fabrication services perform activities such as PCB design and layout, prototyping and production, and testing and evaluation. Some PCB fabrication services offer just-in-time capabilities. Others specialize in single-sided, double-sided, multi-layer, or flexible boards. Board components are mounted with either through-hole technology (THT) or surface mount technology (SMT).

Design and layout services include component selection as well as layout and manufacturing techniques. Layout includes setting the footprints or pads, where the parts will be soldered to the board. Supplier may also be capable of creating Gerber Files; the file set that fabrication companies typically require in order to proceed with the process of physically creating your boards. Also included is the needed fabrication and assembly drawings showing the board

services offer just-in-time capabilities. Others specialize in single-sided, double-sided, multi-layer, or flexible boards. Board components are mounted with either through-hole technology (THT) or surface mount technology (SMT).

Design and layout services include component selection as well as layout and manufacturing techniques. Layout includes setting the footprints or pads, where the parts will be soldered to the board. Supplier may also be capable of creating Gerber Files; the file set that fabrication companies typically require in order to proceed with the process of physically creating your boards. Also included is the needed fabrication and assembly drawings showing the board dimensions, hole sizes, board thickness, multi-layer stack-up and parts placement. Supplier may also be able to assist in upgrading or redesigning, re-evaluating or modernizing existing board layout to increase performance and/or reduce manufacturing costs. A supplier capable of prototype quantities has capability for quick prototyping and small run board production for testing prior to bulk manufacturing. Suppliers often offer very rapid turnaround. A supplier with production quantities service has equipment, staff, materials etc. necessary for large production runs of PCBs. A supplier that has testing and evaluation has quality assurance or test processes are in place to ensure quality on all manufactured or assembled boards. In some cases, suppliers also provide quality / testing documentation and/or testing services for other components / parts. A supplier offering PCB assembly has staff, equipment, materials etc. on hand to assemble components to boards. Just-In-Time manufacturing capability of PCB boards in order to reduce need for inventory maintenance.

Quality requirements met by suppliers of printed circuit board (PCB) services include CE, CSA, ISO 9001, ISO 9002, MIL-SPEC / STD, and UL. The CE-marking is a regulatory community sign that has to be obligatorily affixed on industrial products conforming to European Union standards. However, the CE-mark is not yet a quality mark. The CSA Mark may appear alone or with indicators. If it appears alone, it means that the product is certified for the Canadian market, to the applicable Canadian standards. If this Mark appears with the indicator "C and US" or "NRTL/C" it means that the product is certified for both the U.S. and Canadian markets, to the applicable U.S. and Canadian standards. In 1987, International Standards Organization (ISO) 9000 standards were developed to ensure that companies' products and services have consistent, documented approaches that meet the European community's quality requirements. ISO 9001 sets out the requirements for an organization whose business processes range all the way from design and development, to production, installation and servicing. ISO 9002 is for an organization, which does not carry out design and development. It does not include the design control requirements of ISO 9001 - otherwise, its requirements are identical. Some suppliers may be capable of manufacturing boards that meet MIL-SPECs or MIL-STDs. UL Marks are used only on component parts that are part of a larger product or system. These components may have restrictions on their performance or may be incomplete in construction. Products intended for Canada carry the Recognized Component Mark "C."

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